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Permaculture

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The term permaculture is a contraction of the expression “ permanent culture” , introduced by two Australian - David Holmgren and Bill Mollison, to synthesize an integrated system conceived to answer the serious challenge of the survival of the whole of planet and its inhabitants. Largely exceeding the concern to develop and apply methods of food production bearable, the permaculture touches with all the aspects of the human activity which put in danger the dynamic balance of the relations and interractions allowing the life on ground -- it is the CULTURE of Permanence or “the bearable creation of the habitat while following the natural model”

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[edit] Origins of permaculture

the permaculture, or something approaching some, was practised since of the thousands of years in various parts of the world, by people not having never intended to speak about the word “permaculture”. For example, the Chagga people in the north of Tanzania and the inhabitants of the area of Kandy in Sri Lanka cultivated gardens which are in fact of the modified versions of the natural forest vegetation. These copies of natural forest make it possible those which maintain them to feed (cereals, fruits, vegetables), to get dressed (natural fibres), to be looked after (medicinal plants) and to be heated by wood. Japanese Masanobu Fukuoka practised years 1940 one wild agriculture, near to the principles of permaculture. The idea of “permaculture” was formulated by two Australian, Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, in the years 1970. They transferred this idea on paper in their book Permaculture I, a perennial agriculture for self-sufficiency and the exploitations of all sizes .

[edit] Ethical principles of permaculture

Permaculture is based on three ethical principles:

  • To take care of the Earth.
  • To take care of the people.
  • To limit consumption/to redistribute the surpluses. The permaculture is a method of design (design) to create bearable human environments, harmonizes some with nature. The permaculture concentrates on the relations between the various elements of a system (house, property, village) and of their place in the landscape. It aims at creating a diversified and stable feeder system, near to the natural ecosystems whose diversity seems to be the best asset against the diseases, integral perennial plants, fruit trees, animal.

[edit] principles of permaculture design of the permaculture

12 principles dévelopés by David Holmgren in Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (see extracted):

  • To observe and interact
  • To recover, store and recycle energies
  • To obtain a production
  • To apply self-regulation and to accept feedbacks
  • To use and emphasize the renewable resources and services
  • not to produce waste
  • To conceive structure with the details
  • To integrate rather than to separate
  • From the small and slow solutions
  • To use and emphasize the biodiversity
  • To use the borders (e.g. edges) and to emphasize the margin
  • To use and answer the changes with creativity But also:
  • To conceive the relative positions elements of the ecosystem (fauna, flora, energy, etc)
  • Each element has multiple functions (e.g. wind-cutter, natural manure, forage, food, support of climbing plant, etc)
  • Each need is satisfied by multiple sources
  • To conceive the establishment of the elements according to the frequency of use, of the microclimates, biological etc
  • Utiliser the resources
  • Build vertically the components of the ecosystem (e.g. trees more or less large, bushes, grass, roots, climbing plants)
  • to anticipate and to conceive the natural successions species in time

[edit] La méthode

Une démarche dans le temps

  • Observation (au moins un an en théorie)
  • Bordures et limites
  • Ressources
  • Evaluation
  • Conception
  • Mise en place
  • Maintenance

[edit] Frequent characteristiques of permacultures

  • important Use of the mulching (cover of the grounds with vegetable waste in order to keep moisture, to protect from bad grasses, to bring manure…)
  • Major role of the trees and perennial species (nut, fruits, etc)
  • Low density of forests to develop the lower stages
  • Creation of edges and hedges (diversity of the species present and better productivity)
  • Establishment of microclimates (by wind-cutters, ponds, topography, the shades…)
  • Importance of the bee-keeping and the animals of farm * Planning of course for the animals (so that they only nourish and deposit their manures all)

[edit] Exemples de solutions pratiques innovantes

[edit] Voir aussi

[edit] Internal links

[edit] Liens externes


[edit] Bibliography

  • "Permaculture : A Designers Manual", par Bill Mollison, Tagari Publication, Tyalgum, Australia, 576 pages, 1988.
  • Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability par David Holmgren, 2002, ISBN 0646418440.
  • "The Permaculture way, Practical steps to create a self-sustaining world", par Graham Bell, Thorsons, 1992.
  • "The Earth Care Maunal, A Permaculture Handbook for Britain and other Temperate Climates", par Patrick Whitefield, Permanent publications, 2004.
  • "Permaculture in a nutshell", par Patrick Whitefield, Permanent publications, 2000, England.
  • Permaculture Magazine Solutions For Sustainable Living
  • The Earth Repair Catalogue Online -Un catalogue en ligne qui ressence plus de 500 livres, magasines, vidéos, CDs, outils...


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